1. What are ethers?
2. What is the common system of nomenclature of ethers?
3. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of ethers?
4. Explain chain isomerism in ethers.
5. Explain functional isomerism in ethers.
6. Explain metarmerism in ethers.
7. Discuss the following methods of preparing ethers
A. From alkyl halides - Williamson’s synthesis
B. From alcohols
i. by dehydration
ii. by the action of diazomethane
8. What are physical properties of phenols?
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility
d. Dipole moments
9. Explain the following chemical reactions/properties of ethers
A. Reactions of ethereal oxygen
i. Formation of peroxides – action of air
ii. Formation of oxonium ion – action with concentrated H2SO4
iii. Reaction with Lewis acids
B. reaction involving cleavage of C-O bond
i. Cleavage by halogen acids
ii. cleavage by sulphuric acid
iii. Cleavage by phosphorous pentachloride
iv. Cleavage by acid chlorides
C. Reactions of alkyl group
i. Halogenation
D. Ring substitution in aromatic ethers
10. Write short notes on the following ethers
a. Dimethyl ether
b. Diethyl ether
c. Di-isopropyl ether
d. Divinyl ether
Thursday, January 8, 2009
Tuesday, January 6, 2009
Aldehydes and Ketones - Conceptual Questions
1. What are aldehydes?
2. what is the electronic structure of carbonyl group?
3. Show the structure of ketonic group.
4. What is the difference between a simple ketone and a mixed ketone?
5. What is the common system of nomenclature of aldehydes?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aldehydes?
7. What is the common system of nomenclature of ketones?
8. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of ketones?
9. What is the system of nomenclature of aromatic aldehydes?
10. Discuss the chain isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
11. Discuss the position isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
12. Discuss the functional isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
13. Discuss the metamerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
14. What are methods of preparing aldehydes and ketones
a. from alcohols
b. from carboxylic acids
c. from acid chlorides
d. from Grignard reagent
e. from reduction of alkyl cyanides
f. from geminal dihalides
g. from alkynes – by hydration, by hydroboration
h. from alkenes
15. Methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones
a. oxidation of alkyl benzenes
b. from grignard reagents
c. reamer tiemann reaction
d. Gattermann Koch reaction
e. Rosenmund reaction
f. Aromatic ketones from Friedel Craft’s reaction
16. What are physical properties of aledehydes and ketones
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
15. Chemical properties or reactions of aldehydes and ketones
1. structure of carbonyl group
2. relative reactivity of aldehydes and ketones
3. Addition of hydrogen cyanide
4. Addition of sodium bisulphate
5. Reaction with Grignard reagents
6. Addition of of alcohols
7. Addition of ammonia derivatives
i. hydroxylamine
ii. hydrazine
iii. phenylhydrazine
iv. 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
v. semicarbazide
8. reaction with ammonia
9. reaction with primary amines
10. reaction with phosphorous pentachloride
11. Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
2. what is the electronic structure of carbonyl group?
3. Show the structure of ketonic group.
4. What is the difference between a simple ketone and a mixed ketone?
5. What is the common system of nomenclature of aldehydes?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aldehydes?
7. What is the common system of nomenclature of ketones?
8. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of ketones?
9. What is the system of nomenclature of aromatic aldehydes?
10. Discuss the chain isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
11. Discuss the position isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
12. Discuss the functional isomerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
13. Discuss the metamerism in Aldehydes and Ketones.
14. What are methods of preparing aldehydes and ketones
a. from alcohols
b. from carboxylic acids
c. from acid chlorides
d. from Grignard reagent
e. from reduction of alkyl cyanides
f. from geminal dihalides
g. from alkynes – by hydration, by hydroboration
h. from alkenes
15. Methods of preparing aromatic aldehydes and ketones
a. oxidation of alkyl benzenes
b. from grignard reagents
c. reamer tiemann reaction
d. Gattermann Koch reaction
e. Rosenmund reaction
f. Aromatic ketones from Friedel Craft’s reaction
16. What are physical properties of aledehydes and ketones
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
15. Chemical properties or reactions of aldehydes and ketones
1. structure of carbonyl group
2. relative reactivity of aldehydes and ketones
3. Addition of hydrogen cyanide
4. Addition of sodium bisulphate
5. Reaction with Grignard reagents
6. Addition of of alcohols
7. Addition of ammonia derivatives
i. hydroxylamine
ii. hydrazine
iii. phenylhydrazine
iv. 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine
v. semicarbazide
8. reaction with ammonia
9. reaction with primary amines
10. reaction with phosphorous pentachloride
11. Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
Carboxylic Acids - Conceptual Questions
1. what are carboxylic acids?
2.. What is the common system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?
3. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?
4. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids if more than two acid groups are present?
5. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aromatic carboxylic acids?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of dicarboxylic acids?
7. explain the methods of preparation of carboxylic acids.
a. From oxidation of primary alcohols
b. from oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
c. from hydrolysis of nitriles and cyanides
d. from Grignard reagents
e. by hydrolysis of esters
f. carboxylation of alkenes
g. from trihalogen derivatives of hydrocarbons
h. preparation of aromatic acids from alkyl benzenes
8. Explain the physical properties of carboxylic acids.
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. melting point
d. Solubility in water
9. Chemical properties or reactions of carboxylic acids
1. Acidic character
a. How do you express strength of carboxylic acids?
b. what is effect of substituents on strength of carboxylic acids?
i.. of electron releasing substituents, ii. of electron withdrawing sustituents
c. compare relative acidic strength of carboxylic acids and alcohols.
d. compare relative acidic strength of carboxylic acids and phenols
e. What are the reactions that show acidic charater of carboxylic acids?
2. formation of acid chlorides
3. Formation of esters
a. Mechanism of esterification
4. Formation of amides
5.Formation of acid anhydrides
6. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
- electrolytic decarboxylation
7. Partial reduction to alcohols
8. Action of bromide on silver salt of the acid – Hunsdiecker reaction
9. Halogenation
10 Ring substitution in aromatic acids – bromination, sulphonation, nitration
10. Describe the following commercially important carboxylic acids
a. formic acid, b. acetic acid, c. benzoic acid
11. How do you distinguish between alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids?
12. What are acid halides and How do you prepare acyl halides?
a. From carboxylic acids, from salts of carboxylic acids,
13. What are physical properties of acyl chlorides.
14. What are chemical properties of acyl chlorides
15. what are acid anhydrides and how do you prepare them?
a. From carboxylic acids, from salts of carboxylic acid and acyl chloride,
16. What are physical properties of acid anhydrides?
17. What are chemical properties of acid anhydrides?
18. what are esters and how do you prepare them?
19. What are physical properties of esters?
20. What are chemical properties of esters?
a. hydrolysis
b. reaction with ammonia
c. reduction of esters
d. reaction with PCl5.
e. reaction with alcohols
f. reaction with Grignard agents.
g. claisen condensation
21. What are the uses of esters?
22. What acid amides and how do you prepare them?
23. What is IUPAC nomenclature of acid amides?
24. What are physical properties of acid amides?
25. What are chemical properties of acid amides?
26. what are uses acid amides?
27. Describe the following compounds
a. acetyl chloride b. Benzoyl chloride c. acetic anhydride d. ethyl acetate e. formamide f. acetamdie
2.. What is the common system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?
3. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids?
4. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of carboxylic acids if more than two acid groups are present?
5. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aromatic carboxylic acids?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of dicarboxylic acids?
7. explain the methods of preparation of carboxylic acids.
a. From oxidation of primary alcohols
b. from oxidation of aldehydes and ketones
c. from hydrolysis of nitriles and cyanides
d. from Grignard reagents
e. by hydrolysis of esters
f. carboxylation of alkenes
g. from trihalogen derivatives of hydrocarbons
h. preparation of aromatic acids from alkyl benzenes
8. Explain the physical properties of carboxylic acids.
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. melting point
d. Solubility in water
9. Chemical properties or reactions of carboxylic acids
1. Acidic character
a. How do you express strength of carboxylic acids?
b. what is effect of substituents on strength of carboxylic acids?
i.. of electron releasing substituents, ii. of electron withdrawing sustituents
c. compare relative acidic strength of carboxylic acids and alcohols.
d. compare relative acidic strength of carboxylic acids and phenols
e. What are the reactions that show acidic charater of carboxylic acids?
2. formation of acid chlorides
3. Formation of esters
a. Mechanism of esterification
4. Formation of amides
5.Formation of acid anhydrides
6. Decarboxylation of carboxylic acids
- electrolytic decarboxylation
7. Partial reduction to alcohols
8. Action of bromide on silver salt of the acid – Hunsdiecker reaction
9. Halogenation
10 Ring substitution in aromatic acids – bromination, sulphonation, nitration
10. Describe the following commercially important carboxylic acids
a. formic acid, b. acetic acid, c. benzoic acid
11. How do you distinguish between alcohols, phenols and carboxylic acids?
12. What are acid halides and How do you prepare acyl halides?
a. From carboxylic acids, from salts of carboxylic acids,
13. What are physical properties of acyl chlorides.
14. What are chemical properties of acyl chlorides
15. what are acid anhydrides and how do you prepare them?
a. From carboxylic acids, from salts of carboxylic acid and acyl chloride,
16. What are physical properties of acid anhydrides?
17. What are chemical properties of acid anhydrides?
18. what are esters and how do you prepare them?
19. What are physical properties of esters?
20. What are chemical properties of esters?
a. hydrolysis
b. reaction with ammonia
c. reduction of esters
d. reaction with PCl5.
e. reaction with alcohols
f. reaction with Grignard agents.
g. claisen condensation
21. What are the uses of esters?
22. What acid amides and how do you prepare them?
23. What is IUPAC nomenclature of acid amides?
24. What are physical properties of acid amides?
25. What are chemical properties of acid amides?
26. what are uses acid amides?
27. Describe the following compounds
a. acetyl chloride b. Benzoyl chloride c. acetic anhydride d. ethyl acetate e. formamide f. acetamdie
Organic Nitrogen Compounds - Nitro Compounds - Conceptual Questions
1. What are nitro compounds?
2. What is nomenclature system of nitro compounds?
3. How do you prepare nitro compounds?
a. From alkyl halides
b. By nitration
c. Preparation of aromatic nitric compounds
4. What are physical properties of nitrocompounds?
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
d. stability
5. Chemical properties or reactions of nitro alkanes
1. reduction – catalytic reduction, reduction with methal hydrides, reduction in neutral medium, reduction in alkaline medium, electrolytic reduction, selective reduction,
2. Hydrolysis – of primary nitoalkanes, of secondary nitro compounds
3. reaction with nitrous acid
4. halogenation
5. ring substitution reactions of nitrobenzene
6. tautomerism
6. what are uses of nitro compounds?
7. How do you distinguish between nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites?
8. Describe properties of the following nitro compounds.
a. Nitro benzene b. Dinitrobenzene (meta, Ortho, and para), c. Trinitrobenzene, d. Trinitrotoluene
2. What is nomenclature system of nitro compounds?
3. How do you prepare nitro compounds?
a. From alkyl halides
b. By nitration
c. Preparation of aromatic nitric compounds
4. What are physical properties of nitrocompounds?
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
d. stability
5. Chemical properties or reactions of nitro alkanes
1. reduction – catalytic reduction, reduction with methal hydrides, reduction in neutral medium, reduction in alkaline medium, electrolytic reduction, selective reduction,
2. Hydrolysis – of primary nitoalkanes, of secondary nitro compounds
3. reaction with nitrous acid
4. halogenation
5. ring substitution reactions of nitrobenzene
6. tautomerism
6. what are uses of nitro compounds?
7. How do you distinguish between nitroalkanes and alkyl nitrites?
8. Describe properties of the following nitro compounds.
a. Nitro benzene b. Dinitrobenzene (meta, Ortho, and para), c. Trinitrobenzene, d. Trinitrotoluene
Organic Nitrogen Compounds - Amines - Conceptual Questions
1. What are amines?
2. Amines are derivatives of __________________ .
3. What are quaternary ammonium compounds?
4. What are the various classifications of amines?
5. What is the common system of nomenclature of aliphatic amines?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aliphatic amines?
7. What is the common system of nomenclature of aromatic amines?
8. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aromatic amines?
9. Explain chain isomerism in amines.
10. Explain metamerism in amines.
11. Explain position isomerism in amines.
12. Explain functional isomerism in amines.
13. Explain various methods of preparing amines.
1. From alkyl halides – by ammonolysis (Hoffmann’s method), by Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis
2. Reduction of nitro compounds – by hydrogen, by active metals, and by LiAlH4
3. Reduction of nitriles (cyanides) and isonitriles (isocyanides)
4. From Amides – by reduction of amides, by Hofmann degradation method
5. From Oximes – by reduction
6. Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones
7. From alcohols – Sabatier and Mailhe method
8. Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene
14. What are physical properties of amines?
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
15. Chemical properties or reactions of amines
1. Reaction with water – basic character of amines.
1a. Compare the basic strength of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
1b. Compare the basic strength of aralkylamines.
2. Reaction with acids
3. Reaction with metal ions
4. alkylation
5. acylation - Reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides
6. Benzoylation
7. Schiff’s base formation (Reaction with aldehydes)
8. Oxidation – with potassium permanganate, with caro’s acid
9. Carbylamine reaction (or isocyanide test)
10. Reaction with nitrous acid – primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines
11. Reaction with Grignard reagent
12. Reaction with carbon disulphide
13. Reaction with carbonyl chloride (phosgene)
14. Ring substitution in aromatic amines – halogenation, nitration, sulphonation
15. Coupling with diazonium salts
16. Tests for amines
16. what are uses of amines?
17. How do you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
18. How do you separate a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
a. fractional distillation, b. Hoffmann’s method, c. Hinsberg’s method
19 Describe the following commercially important amines?
a. methylamine, b. Ethylamine, c. Dimethyl amine, d. Aniline, e. Diphenylamine, f. N-methyl aniline
20. How do you distinguish between ethylamine and aniline? – Azo dye test
21. How do you distinguish between ethylamine and diethylamine? – carbylamine test, Hinberg’s test
For answers visit
http://iit-jee-chemistry-aps.blogspot.com/2009/01/organic-nitrogen-compounds-amines.html
2. Amines are derivatives of __________________ .
3. What are quaternary ammonium compounds?
4. What are the various classifications of amines?
5. What is the common system of nomenclature of aliphatic amines?
6. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aliphatic amines?
7. What is the common system of nomenclature of aromatic amines?
8. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of aromatic amines?
9. Explain chain isomerism in amines.
10. Explain metamerism in amines.
11. Explain position isomerism in amines.
12. Explain functional isomerism in amines.
13. Explain various methods of preparing amines.
1. From alkyl halides – by ammonolysis (Hoffmann’s method), by Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis
2. Reduction of nitro compounds – by hydrogen, by active metals, and by LiAlH4
3. Reduction of nitriles (cyanides) and isonitriles (isocyanides)
4. From Amides – by reduction of amides, by Hofmann degradation method
5. From Oximes – by reduction
6. Reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones
7. From alcohols – Sabatier and Mailhe method
8. Preparation of aniline from nitrobenzene
14. What are physical properties of amines?
a. Physical state and smell
b. Boiling points
c. Solubility in water
15. Chemical properties or reactions of amines
1. Reaction with water – basic character of amines.
1a. Compare the basic strength of primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
1b. Compare the basic strength of aralkylamines.
2. Reaction with acids
3. Reaction with metal ions
4. alkylation
5. acylation - Reaction with acid chlorides and acid anhydrides
6. Benzoylation
7. Schiff’s base formation (Reaction with aldehydes)
8. Oxidation – with potassium permanganate, with caro’s acid
9. Carbylamine reaction (or isocyanide test)
10. Reaction with nitrous acid – primary amines, secondary amines, tertiary amines
11. Reaction with Grignard reagent
12. Reaction with carbon disulphide
13. Reaction with carbonyl chloride (phosgene)
14. Ring substitution in aromatic amines – halogenation, nitration, sulphonation
15. Coupling with diazonium salts
16. Tests for amines
16. what are uses of amines?
17. How do you distinguish between primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
18. How do you separate a mixture of primary, secondary and tertiary amines?
a. fractional distillation, b. Hoffmann’s method, c. Hinsberg’s method
19 Describe the following commercially important amines?
a. methylamine, b. Ethylamine, c. Dimethyl amine, d. Aniline, e. Diphenylamine, f. N-methyl aniline
20. How do you distinguish between ethylamine and aniline? – Azo dye test
21. How do you distinguish between ethylamine and diethylamine? – carbylamine test, Hinberg’s test
For answers visit
http://iit-jee-chemistry-aps.blogspot.com/2009/01/organic-nitrogen-compounds-amines.html
Organic Nitrogen Compounds - Amines - Application, Example Questions
1. C3H9N represents
a. tertiary amine
b. a secondary amine
c. a primary amine
d. all of these
e. none of these
2. The compound obtained by heating a mixture of a primary amine and chloroform with ethanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH) is __________________ .
3. Treatment of ammonia with excess of ethyl iodide will yield
a. ethylamine
b. diethalamine
c. triethylamine
d. tetraethylammonium iodide.
4. The reaction of a primary amine with chloroform and ethanolic KOH is called
a. Fofmann bromamide reaction
b. Kolbe's reaction
c. Reimer-tiemann reaction
d. Carbylamine reaction
5.
a. tertiary amine
b. a secondary amine
c. a primary amine
d. all of these
e. none of these
2. The compound obtained by heating a mixture of a primary amine and chloroform with ethanolic potassium hydroxide (KOH) is __________________ .
3. Treatment of ammonia with excess of ethyl iodide will yield
a. ethylamine
b. diethalamine
c. triethylamine
d. tetraethylammonium iodide.
4. The reaction of a primary amine with chloroform and ethanolic KOH is called
a. Fofmann bromamide reaction
b. Kolbe's reaction
c. Reimer-tiemann reaction
d. Carbylamine reaction
5.
Monday, January 5, 2009
Organic Nitrogen Compounds - Cyanides and Isocyanides - Conceptual Questions
1. What is the difference between hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen isocyanide?
2. What are cyanides and nitriles?
3. What isocyanides and isonitriles?
4. What is the hybridisation in cyanides?
5. What is an ambident group and is there an ambident group in cyanides?
6. What is the common system of nomenclature of cyanides?
7. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of cyanides?
8. What is the common system of nomenclature of isocyanides?
9. How are cyanides prepared:
a. From alkyl halides?
b. from acid amides?
c. from diazonium salts?
d. from aldoximes?
10. How are isocynaides prepared from from amines?
11. What are physical properties of cyanides and isocyanides?
12. Explain the following chemical properties of cyanides and isocyanides.
a. Hydrolysis
b. Reduction - (i) partial and (ii) complete
c. Reaction with Grignard's reagent
d. Addition reaction
e. Isomerism
13. What are the uses of alkyl cyanides and isocyanides?
14. How do you distinguish between ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide?
15. What are the physical properties of ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide?
2. What are cyanides and nitriles?
3. What isocyanides and isonitriles?
4. What is the hybridisation in cyanides?
5. What is an ambident group and is there an ambident group in cyanides?
6. What is the common system of nomenclature of cyanides?
7. What is the IUPAC system of nomenclature of cyanides?
8. What is the common system of nomenclature of isocyanides?
9. How are cyanides prepared:
a. From alkyl halides?
b. from acid amides?
c. from diazonium salts?
d. from aldoximes?
10. How are isocynaides prepared from from amines?
11. What are physical properties of cyanides and isocyanides?
12. Explain the following chemical properties of cyanides and isocyanides.
a. Hydrolysis
b. Reduction - (i) partial and (ii) complete
c. Reaction with Grignard's reagent
d. Addition reaction
e. Isomerism
13. What are the uses of alkyl cyanides and isocyanides?
14. How do you distinguish between ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide?
15. What are the physical properties of ethyl cyanide and ethyl isocyanide?
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